Surgical Robots: A Technical and Clinical Overview

A surgical robot is a computer-controlled mechanical system designed to assist clinicians in performing complex surgical procedures with enhanced precision, flexibility, and control. Unlike autonomous systems found in some industrial sectors, surgical robots currently function primarily as "master-slave" systems, where the device replicates the movements of a human surgeon in real-time. This article provides an objective analysis of robotic-assisted surgery, examining the fundamental engineering components of these systems, the mechanical and optical mechanisms that facilitate minimally invasive procedures, the clinical landscape of their application, and the future of digital surgical intervention.